Chapter 15. Orchestra Opcodes and Operators

Table of Contents
!= --  Determines if one value is not equal to another.
#define --  Defines a macro.
#include --  Includes an external file for processing.
#undef --  Un-defines a macro.
$NAME --  Calls a defined macro.
% --  Modulus operator.
&& --  Logical AND operator.
> --  Determines if one value is greater than another.
>= --  Determines if one value is greater than or equal to another.
< --  Determines if one value is less than another.
<= --  Determines if one value is less than or equal to another.
* --  Multiplication operator.
+ --  Addition operator
- --  Subtraction operator.
/ --  Division operator.
= --  Performs a simple assignment.
== --  Compares two values for equality.
ˆ --  "Power of" operator.
|| --  Logical OR operator.
0dbfs --  Sets the value of 0 decibels using full scale amplitude.
a --  Converts a k-rate parameter to an a-rate value with interpolation.
abetarand --  Deprecated.
abexprnd --  Deprecated.
abs --  Returns an absolute value.
acauchy --  Deprecated.
active --  Returns the number of active instances of an instrument.
adsr --  Calculates the classical ADSR envelope using linear segments.
adsyn --  Output is an additive set of individually controlled sinusoids, using an oscillator bank.
adsynt --  Performs additive synthesis with an arbitrary number of partials, not necessarily harmonic.
aexprand --  Deprecated.
aftouch --  Get the current after-touch value for this channel.
agauss --  Deprecated.
agogobel --  Deprecated.
alinrand --  Deprecated.
alpass --  Reverberates an input signal with a flat frequency response.
ampdb --  Returns the amplitude equivalent of the decibel value x.
ampdbfs --  Returns the amplitude equivalent of the decibel value x, which is relative to full scale amplitude.
ampmidi --  Get the velocity of the current MIDI event.
apcauchy --  Deprecated.
apoisson --  Deprecated.
apow --  Deprecated.
areson --  A notch filter whose transfer functions are the complements of the reson opcode.
aresonk --  A notch filter whose transfer functions are the complements of the reson opcode.
atone --  A notch filter whose transfer functions are the complements of the tone opcode.
atonek --  A notch filter whose transfer functions are the complements of the tone opcode.
atonex --  Emulates a stack of filters using the atone opcode.
atrirand --  Deprecated.
aunirand --  Deprecated.
aweibull --  Deprecated.
babo --  A physical model reverberator.
balance --  Adjust one audio signal according to the values of another.
bamboo --  Semi-physical model of a bamboo sound.
bbcutm --  Generates breakbeat-style cut-ups of a mono audio stream.
bbcuts --  Generates breakbeat-style cut-ups of a stereo audio stream.
betarand --  Beta distribution random number generator (positive values only).
bexprnd --  Exponential distribution random number generator.
biquad --  A sweepable general purpose biquadratic digital filter.
biquada --  A sweepable general purpose biquadratic digital filter with a-rate parameters.
birnd --  Returns a random number in a bi-polar range.
bqrez --  A second-order multi-mode filter.
butbp --  Same as the butterbp opcode.
butbr --  Same as the butterbr opcode.
buthp --  Same as the butterhp opcode.
butlp --  Same as the butterlp opcode.
butterbp --  A band-pass Butterworth filter.
butterbr --  A band-reject Butterworth filter.
butterhp --  A high-pass Butterworth filter.
butterlp --  A low-pass Butterworth filter.
button --  Sense on-screen controls.
buzz --  Output is a set of harmonically related sine partials.
cabasa --  Semi-physical model of a cabasa sound.
cauchy --  Cauchy distribution random number generator.
cent --  Calculates a factor to raise/lower a frequency by a given amount of cents.
cggoto --  Conditionally transfer control on every pass.
chanctrl --  Get the current value of a MIDI channel controller.
checkbox --  Sense on-screen controls.
cigoto --  Conditionally transfer control during the i-time pass.
ckgoto --  Conditionally transfer control during the p-time passes.
clear --  Zeroes a list of audio signals.
clfilt --  Implements low-pass and high-pass filters of different styles.
clip --  Clips a signal to a predefined limit.
clock --  Deprecated.
clockoff --  Stops one of a number of internal clocks.
clockon --  Starts one of a number of internal clocks.
cngoto --  Transfers control on every pass when a condition is not true.
comb --  Reverberates an input signal with a "colored" frequency response.
control --  Configurable slider controls for realtime user input.
convle --  Same as the convolve opcode.
convolve --  Convolves a signal and an impulse response.
cos --  Performs a cosine function.
cosh --  Performs a hyperbolic cosine function.
cosinv --  Performs a arccosine function.
cps2pch --  Converts a pitch-class value into cycles-per-second for equal divisions of the octave.
cpsmidi --  Get the note number of the current MIDI event, expressed in cycles-per-second.
cpsmidib --  Get the note number of the current MIDI event and modify it by the current pitch-bend value, express it in cycles-per-second.
cpsoct --  Converts an octave-point-decimal value to cycles-per-second.
cpspch --  Converts a pitch-class value to cycles-per-second.
cpstmid --  Get a MIDI note number (allows customized micro-tuning scales).
cpstun --  Returns micro-tuning values at k-rate.
cpstuni --  Returns micro-tuning values at init-rate.
cpsxpch --  Converts a pitch-class value into cycles-per-second (Hz) for equal divisions of any interval.
cpuprc --  Control allocation of cpu resources on a per-instrument basis, to optimize realtime output.
cross2 --  Cross synthesis using FFT's.
crunch --  Semi-physical model of a crunch sound.
ctrl14 --  Allows a floating-point 14-bit MIDI signal scaled with a minimum and a maximum range.
ctrl21 --  Allows a floating-point 21-bit MIDI signal scaled with a minimum and a maximum range.
ctrl7 --  Allows a floating-point 7-bit MIDI signal scaled with a minimum and a maximum range.
ctrlinit --  Sets the initial values for a set of MIDI controllers.
cuserrnd --  Continuous USER-defined-distribution RaNDom generator.
dam --  A dynamic compressor/expander.
db --  Returns the amplitude equivalent for a given decibel amount.
dbamp --  Returns the decibel equivalent of the raw amplitude x.
dbfsamp --  Returns the decibel equivalent of the raw amplitude x, relative to full scale amplitude.
dcblock --  A DC blocking filter.
dconv --  A direct convolution opcode.
delay --  Delays an input signal by some time interval.
delay1 --  Delays an input signal by one sample.
delayr --  Reads from an automatically established digital delay line.
delayw --  Writes the audio signal to a digital delay line.
deltap --  Taps a delay line at variable offset times.
deltap3 --  Taps a delay line at variable offset times, uses cubic interpolation.
deltapi --  Taps a delay line at variable offset times, uses interpolation.
deltapn --  Taps a delay line at variable offset times.
deltapx --  Read to or write from a delay line with interpolation.
deltapxw --  Mixes the input signal to a delay line.
diff --  Modify a signal by differentiation.
diskin --  Reads audio data from an external device or stream and can alter its pitch.
dispfft --  Displays the Fourier Transform of an audio or control signal.
display --  Displays the audio or control signals as an amplitude vs. time graph.
distort1 --  Modified hyperbolic tangent distortion.
divz --  Safely divides two numbers.
downsamp --  Modify a signal by down-sampling.
dripwater --  Semi-physical model of a water drop.
dumpk --  Periodically writes an orchestra control-signal value to an external file.
dumpk2 --  Periodically writes two orchestra control-signal values to an external file.
dumpk3 --  Periodically writes three orchestra control-signal values to an external file.
dumpk4 --  Periodically writes four orchestra control-signal values to an external file.
duserrnd --  Discrete USER-defined-distribution RaNDom generator.
else --  Executes a block of code when an "if...then" condition is false.
elseif --  Defines another "if...then" condition when a "if...then" condition is false.
endif --  Closes a block of code that begins with an "if...then" statement.
endin --  Ends the current instrument block.
endop --  Marks the end of an user-defined opcode block.
envlpx --  Applies an envelope consisting of 3 segments.
envlpxr --  The envlpx opcode with a final release segment.
event --  Generates a score event from an instrument.
exp --  Returns e raised to the x-th power.
expon --  Trace an exponential curve between specified points.
exprand --  Exponential distribution random number generator (positive values only).
expseg --  Trace a series of exponential segments between specified points.
expsega --  An exponential segment generator operating at a-rate.
expsegr --  Trace a series of exponential segments between specified points including a release segment.
filelen --  Returns the length of a sound file.
filenchnls --  Returns the number of channels in a sound file.
filepeak --  Returns the peak absolute value of a sound file.
filesr --  Returns the sample rate of a sound file.
filter2 --  Performs filtering using a transposed form-II digital filter lattice with no time-varying control.
fin --  Read signals from a file at a-rate.
fini --  Read signals from a file at i-rate.
fink --  Read signals from a file at k-rate.
fiopen --  Opens a file in a specific mode.
flanger --  A user controlled flanger.
flashtxt --  Allows text to be displayed from instruments like sliders
FLbox --  A FLTK widget that displays text inside of a box.
FLbutBank --  A FLTK widget opcode that creates a bank of buttons.
FLbutton --  A FLTK widget opcode that creates a button.
FLcolor --  A FLTK opcode that sets the primary colors.
FLcolor2 --  A FLTK opcode that sets the secondary (selection) color.
FLcount --  A FLTK widget opcode that creates a counter.
FLgetsnap --  Retrieves a previously stored FLTK snapshot.
FLgroup --  A FLTK container opcode that groups child widgets.
FLgroupEnd --  Marks the end of a group of FLTK child widgets.
FLhide --  Hides the target FLTK widget.
FLjoy --  A FLTK opcode that acts like a joystick.
FLkeyb --  Experimental, no documentation exists. May be deprecated in future versions.
FLknob --  A FLTK widget opcode that creates a knob.
FLlabel --  A FLTK opcode that modifies the appearance of a text label.
FLloadsnap --  Loads all snapshots into the memory bank of the current orchestra.
FLpack --  Provides the functionality of compressing and aligning FLTK widgets.
FLpackEnd --  Marks the end of a group of compressed or aligned FLTK widgets.
FLpanel --  Creates a window that contains FLTK widgets.
FLpanelEnd --  Marks the end of a group of FLTK widgets contained inside of a window (panel).
FLprintk --  A FLTK opcode that prints a k-rate value at specified intervals.
FLprintk2 --  A FLTK opcode that prints a new value every time a control-rate variable changes.
FLroller --  A FLTK widget that creates a transversal knob.
FLrun --  Starts the FLTK widget thread.
FLsavesnap --  Saves all snapshots currently created into a file.
FLscroll --  A FLTK opcode that adds scroll bars to an area.
FLscrollEnd --  A FLTK opcode that marks the end of an area with scrollbars.
FLsetAlign --  Sets the text alignment of a label of a FLTK widget.
FLsetBox --  Sets the appearance of a box surrounding a FLTK widget.
FLsetColor --  Sets the primary color of a FLTK widget.
FLsetColor2 --  Sets the secondary (or selection) color of a FLTK widget.
FLsetFont --  Sets the font type of a FLTK widget.
FLsetPosition --  Sets the position of a FLTK widget.
FLsetSize --  Resizes a FLTK widget.
FLsetsnap --  Stores the current status of all FLTK valuators into a snapshot location.
FLsetText --  Sets the label of a FLTK widget.
FLsetTextColor --  Sets the color of the text label of a FLTK widget.
FLsetTextSize --  Sets the size of the text label of a FLTK widget.
FLsetTextType --  Sets some font attributes of the text label of a FLTK widget.
FLsetVal_i --  Sets the value of a FLTK valuator to a number provided by the user.
FLsetVal --  Sets the value of a FLTK valuator at control-rate.
FLshow --  Restores the visibility of a previously hidden FLTK widget.
FLslidBnk --  A FLTK widget containing a bank of horizontal sliders.
FLslider --  Puts a slider into the corresponding FLTK container.
FLtabs --  Creates a tabbed FLTK interface.
FLtabsEnd --  Marks the end of a tabbed FLTK interface.
FLtext --  A FLTK widget opcode that creates a textbox.
FLupdate --  Same as the FLrun opcode.
FLvalue --  Shows the current value of a FLTK valuator.
fmb3 --  Uses FM synthesis to create a Hammond B3 organ sound.
fmbell --  Uses FM synthesis to create a tublar bell sound.
fmmetal --  Uses FM synthesis to create a "Heavy Metal" sound.
fmpercfl --  Uses FM synthesis to create a percussive flute sound.
fmrhode --  Uses FM synthesis to create a Fender Rhodes electric piano sound.
fmvoice --  FM Singing Voice Synthesis
fmwurlie --  Uses FM synthesis to create a Wurlitzer electric piano sound.
fof --  Produces sinusoid bursts useful for formant and granular synthesis.
fof2 --  Produces sinusoid bursts including k-rate incremental indexing with each successive burst.
fog --  Audio output is a succession of grains derived from data in a stored function table
fold --  Adds artificial foldover to an audio signal.
follow --  Envelope follower unit generator.
follow2 --  Another controllable envelope extractor.
foscil --  A basic frequency modulated oscillator.
foscili --  Basic frequency modulated oscillator with linear interpolation.
fout --  Outputs a-rate signals to an arbitrary number of channels.
fouti --  Outputs i-rate signals of an arbitrary number of channels to a specified file.
foutir --  Outputs i-rate signals from an arbitrary number of channels to a specified file.
foutk --  Outputs k-rate signals of an arbitrary number of channels to a specified file.
fprintks --  Similar to printks but prints to a file.
fprints --  Similar to prints but prints to a file.
frac --  Returns the fractional part of a decimal number.
ftchnls --  Returns the number of channels in a stored function table.
ftgen --  Generate a score function table from within the orchestra.
ftlen --  Returns the size of a stored function table.
ftload --  Load a set of previously-allocated tables from a file.
ftloadk --  Load a set of previously-allocated tables from a file.
ftlptim --  Returns the loop segment start-time of a stored function table number.
ftmorf --  Morphs between multiple ftables as specified in a list.
ftsave --  Save a set of previously-allocated tables to a file.
ftsavek --  Save a set of previously-allocated tables to a file.
ftsr --  Returns the sampling-rate of a stored function table.
gain --  Adjusts the amplitude audio signal according to a root-mean-square value.
gauss --  Gaussian distribution random number generator.
gbuzz --  Output is a set of harmonically related cosine partials.
gogobel --  Audio output is a tone related to the striking of a cow bell or similar.
goto --  Transfer control on every pass.
grain --  Generates granular synthesis textures.
grain2 --  Easy-to-use granular synthesis texture generator.
grain3 --  Generate granular synthesis textures with more user control.
granule --  A more complex granular synthesis texture generator.
guiro --  Semi-physical model of a guiro sound.
harmon --  Analyze an audio input and generate harmonizing voices in synchrony.
hilbert --  A Hilbert transformer.
hrtfer --  Creates 3D audio for two speakers.
hsboscil --  An oscillator which takes tonality and brightness as arguments.
i --  Returns an init-type equivalent of a k-rate argument.
ibetarand --  Deprecated.
ibexprnd --  Deprecated.
icauchy --  Deprecated.
ictrl14 --  Deprecated.
ictrl21 --  Deprecated.
ictrl7 --  Deprecated.
iexprand --  Deprecated.
if --  Branches conditionally at initialization or during performance time.
igauss --  Deprecated.
igoto --  Transfer control during the i-time pass.
ihold --  Creates a held note.
ilinrand --  Deprecated.
imidic14 --  Deprecated.
imidic21 --  Deprecated.
imidic7 --  Deprecated.
in --  Reads mono audio data from an external device or stream.
in32 --  Reads a 32-channel audio signal from an external device or stream.
inch --  Reads from a numbered channel in an external audio signal or stream.
inh --  Reads six-channel audio data from an external device or stream.
init --  Puts the value of the i-time expression into a k- or a-rate variable.
initc14 --  Initializes the controllers used to create a 14-bit MIDI value.
initc21 --  Initializes the controllers used to create a 21-bit MIDI value.
initc7 --  Initializes the controller used to create a 7-bit MIDI value.
ink --  Deprecated.
ino --  Reads eight-channel audio data from an external device or stream.
inq --  Reads quad audio data from an external device or stream.
ins --  Reads stereo audio data from an external device or stream.
instimek --  Deprecated.
instimes --  Deprecated.
instr --  Starts an instrument block.
int --  Extracts an integer from a decimal number.
integ --  Modify a signal by integration.
interp --  Converts a control signal to an audio signal using linear interpolation.
invalue --  Reads a k-rate signal from a user-defined channel.
inx --  Reads a 16-channel audio signal from an external device or stream.
inz --  Reads multi-channel audio samples into a ZAK array from an external device or stream.
ioff --  Deprecated.
ion --  Deprecated.
iondur --  Deprecated.
iondur2 --  Deprecated.
ioutat --  Deprecated.
ioutc --  Deprecated.
ioutc14 --  Deprecated.
ioutpat --  Deprecated.
ioutpb --  Deprecated.
ioutpc --  Deprecated.
ipcauchy --  Deprecated.
ipoisson --  Deprecated.
ipow --  Deprecated.
is16b14 --  Deprecated.
is32b14 --  Deprecated.
islider16 --  Deprecated.
islider32 --  Deprecated.
islider64 --  Deprecated.
islider8 --  Deprecated.
itablecopy --  Deprecated.
itablegpw --  Deprecated.
itablemix --  Deprecated.
itablew --  Deprecated.
itrirand --  Deprecated.
iunirand --  Deprecated.
iweibull --  Deprecated.
jitter --  Generates a segmented line whose segments are randomly generated.
jitter2 --  Generates a segmented line with user-controllable random segments.
jspline --  A jitter-spline generator.
kbetarand --  Deprecated.
kbexprnd --  Deprecated.
kcauchy --  Deprecated.
kdump --  Deprecated.
kdump2 --  Deprecated.
kdump3 --  Deprecated.
kdump4 --  Deprecated.
kexprand --  Deprecated.
kfilter2 --  Deprecated.
kgauss --  Deprecated.
kgoto --  Transfer control during the p-time passes.
klinrand --  Deprecated.
kon --  Deprecated.
koutat --  Deprecated.
koutc --  Deprecated.
koutc14 --  Deprecated.
koutpat --  Deprecated.
koutpb --  Deprecated.
koutpc --  Deprecated.
kpcauchy --  Deprecated.
kpoisson --  Deprecated.
kpow --  Deprecated.
kr --  Sets the control rate.
kread --  Deprecated.
kread2 --  Deprecated.
kread3 --  Deprecated.
kread4 --  Deprecated.
ksmps --  Sets the number of samples in a control period.
ktableseg --  Same as the tableseg opcode.
ktrirand --  Deprecated.
kunirand --  Deprecated.
kweibull --  Deprecated.
lfo --  A low frequency oscillator of various shapes.
limit --  Sets the lower and upper limits of the value it processes.
line --  Trace a straight line between specified points.
linen --  Applies a straight line rise and decay pattern to an input amp signal.
linenr --  The linen opcode extended with a final release segment.
lineto --  Generate glissandos starting from a control signal.
linrand --  Linear distribution random number generator (positive values only).
linseg --  Trace a series of line segments between specified points.
linsegr --  Trace a series of line segments between specified points including a release segment.
locsend --  Distributes the audio signals of a previous locsig opcode.
locsig --  Takes and input signal and distributes between 2 or 4 channels.
log --  Returns a natural log.
log10 --  Returns a base 10 log.
logbtwo --  Performs a logarithmic base two calculation.
loopseg --  Generate control signal consisting of linear segments delimited by two or more specified points.
lorenz --  Implements the Lorenz system of equations.
loscil --  Read sampled sound from a table.
loscil3 --  Read sampled sound from a table using cubic interpolation.
lowpass2 --  A resonant lowpass filter.
lowres --  Another resonant lowpass filter.
lowresx --  Simulates layers of serially connected resonant lowpass filters.
lpf18 --  A 3-pole sweepable resonant lowpass filter.
lpfreson --  Modifies the spectrum of an audio signal with time-varying filter coefficients from a control file and frequncy ratio.
lphasor --  Generates a table index for sample playback
lpinterp --  Computes a new set of poles from the interpolation between two analysis.
lposcil --  Read sampled sound from a table with optional looping and high precision.
lposcil3 --  Read sampled sound from a table with high precision and cubic interpolation.
lpread --  Reads a control file of time-ordered information frames.
lpreson --  Modifies the spectrum of an audio signal with time-varying filter coefficients from a control file.
lpshold --  Generate control signal consisting of held segments.
lpslot --  Selects the slot to be use by further lp opcodes.
mac --  Multiplies and accumulates a- and k-rate signals.
maca --  Multiply and accumulate a-rate signals only.
madsr --  Calculates the classical ADSR envelope using the linsegr mechanism.
mandol --  An emulation of a mandolin.
marimba --  Physical model related to the striking of a wooden block.
massign --  Assigns a MIDI channel number to a Csound instrument.
maxalloc --  Limits the number of allocations of an instrument.
mclock --  Sends a MIDI CLOCK message.
mdelay --  A MIDI delay opcode.
midic14 --  Allows a floating-point 14-bit MIDI signal scaled with a minimum and a maximum range.
midic21 --  Allows a floating-point 21-bit MIDI signal scaled with a minimum and a maximum range.
midic7 --  Allows a floating-point 7-bit MIDI signal scaled with a minimum and a maximum range.
midichannelaftertouch --  Gets a MIDI channel's aftertouch value.
midichn --  Returns the MIDI channel number from which the note was activated.
midicontrolchange --  Gets a MIDI control change value.
midictrl --  Get the current value (0-127) of a specified MIDI controller.
mididefault --  Changes values, depending on MIDI activation.
midiin --  Returns a generic MIDI message received by the MIDI IN port.
midinoteoff --  Gets a MIDI noteoff value.
midinoteoncps --  Gets a MIDI note number as a cycles-per-second frequency.
midinoteonkey --  Gets a MIDI note number value.
midinoteonoct --  Gets a MIDI note number value as octave-point-decimal value.
midinoteonpch --  Gets a MIDI note number as a pitch-class value.
midion --  Plays MIDI notes.
midion2 --  Sends noteon and noteoff messages to the MIDI OUT port.
midiout --  Sends a generic MIDI message to the MIDI OUT port.
midipitchbend --  Gets a MIDI pitchbend value.
midipolyaftertouch --  Gets a MIDI polyphonic aftertouch value.
midiprogramchange --  Gets a MIDI program change value.
mirror --  Reflects the signal that exceeds the low and high thresholds.
moog --  An emulation of a mini-Moog synthesizer.
moogvcf --  A digital emulation of the Moog diode ladder filter configuration.
moscil --  Sends a stream of the MIDI notes.
mpulse --  Generates a set of impulses.
mrtmsg --  Send system real-time messages to the MIDI OUT port.
multitap --  Multitap delay line implementation.
mute --  Mutes/unmutes new instances of a given instrument.
mxadsr --  Calculates the classical ADSR envelope using the expsegr mechanism.
nchnls --  Sets the number of channels of audio output.
nestedap --  Three different nested all-pass filters.
nlfilt --  A filter with a non-linear effect.
noise --  A white noise generator with an IIR lowpass filter.
noteoff --  Send a noteoff message to the MIDI OUT port.
noteon --  Send a noteon message to the MIDI OUT port.
noteondur --  Sends a noteon and a noteoff MIDI message both with the same channel, number and velocity.
noteondur2 --  Sends a noteon and a noteoff MIDI message both with the same channel, number and velocity.
notnum --  Get a note number from a MIDI event.
nreverb --  A reverberator consisting of 6 parallel comb-lowpass filters.
nrpn --  Sends a Non-Registered Parameter Number to the MIDI OUT port.
nsamp --  Returns the number of samples loaded into a stored function table number.
nstrnum --  Returns the number of a named instrument.
ntrpol --  Calculates the weighted mean value of two input signals.
octave --  Calculates a factor to raise/lower a frequency by a given amount of octaves.
octcps --  Converts a cycles-per-second value to octave-point-decimal.
octmidi --  Get the note number, in octave-point-decimal units, of the current MIDI event.
octmidib --  Get the note number of the current MIDI event and modify it by the current pitch-bend value, express it in octave-point-decimal.
octpch --  Converts a pitch-class value to octave-point-decimal.
opcode --  Defines the start of user-defined opcode block.
oscbnk --  Mixes the output of any number of oscillators.
oscil --  A simple oscillator.
oscil1 --  Accesses table values by incremental sampling.
oscil1i --  Accesses table values by incremental sampling with linear interpolation.
oscil3 --  A simple oscillator with cubic interpolation.
oscili --  A simple oscillator with linear interpolation.
oscilikt --  A linearly interpolated oscillator that allows changing the table number at k-rate.
osciliktp --  A linearly interpolated oscillator that allows allows phase modulation.
oscilikts --  A linearly interpolated oscillator with sync status that allows changing the table number at k-rate.
osciln --  Accesses table values at a user-defined frequency.
oscils --  A simple, fast sine oscillator
oscilx --  Same as the osciln opcode.
out --  Writes mono audio data to an external device or stream.
out32 --  Writes 32-channel audio data to an external device or stream.
outc --  Writes audio data with an arbitrary number of channels to an external device or stream.
outch --  Writes multi-channel audio data, with user-controllable channels, to an external device or stream.
outh --  Writes 6-channel audio data to an external device or stream.
outiat --  Sends MIDI aftertouch messages at i-rate.
outic --  Sends MIDI controller output at i-rate.
outic14 --  Sends 14-bit MIDI controller output at i-rate.
outipat --  Sends polyphonic MIDI aftertouch messages at i-rate.
outipb --  Sends MIDI pitch-bend messages at i-rate.
outipc --  Sends MIDI program change messages at i-rate
outk --  Deprecated.
outkat --  Sends MIDI aftertouch messages at k-rate.
outkc --  Sends MIDI controller messages at k-rate.
outkc14 --  Sends 14-bit MIDI controller output at k-rate.
outkpat --  Sends polyphonic MIDI aftertouch messages at k-rate.
outkpb --  Sends MIDI pitch-bend messages at k-rate.
outkpc --  Sends MIDI program change messages at k-rate.
outo --  Writes 8-channel audio data to an external device or stream.
outq --  Writes 4-channel audio data to an external device or stream.
outq1 --  Writes samples to quad channel 1 of an external device or stream.
outq2 --  Writes samples to quad channel 2 of an external device or stream.
outq3 --  Writes samples to quad channel 3 of an external device or stream.
outq4 --  Writes samples to quad channel 4 of an external device or stream.
outs --  Writes stereo audio data to an external device or stream.
outs1 --  Writes samples to stereo channel 1 of an external device or stream.
outs2 --  Writes samples to stereo channel 2 of an external device or stream.
outvalue --  Sends a k-rate signal to a user-defined channel.
outx --  Writes 16-channel audio data to an external device or stream.
outz --  Writes multi-channel audio data from a ZAK array to an external device or stream.
p --  Show the value in a given p-field.
pan --  Distribute an audio signal amongst four channels.
pareq --  Implementation of Zoelzer's parametric equalizer filters.
pcauchy --  Cauchy distribution random number generator (positive values only).
pchbend --  Get the current pitch-bend value for this channel.
pchmidi --  Get the note number of the current MIDI event, expressed in pitch-class units.
pchmidib --  Get the note number of the current MIDI event and modify it by the current pitch-bend value, express it in pitch-class units.
pchoct --  Converts an octave-point-decimal value to pitch-class.
peak --  Maintains the output equal to the highest absolute value received.
peakk --  Deprecated.
pgmassign --  Assigns an instrument number to a specified MIDI program.
phaser1 --  First-order allpass filters arranged in a series.
phaser2 --  Second-order allpass filters arranged in a series.
phasor --  Produce a normalized moving phase value.
phasorbnk --  Produce an arbitrary number of normalized moving phase values.
pinkish --  Generates approximate pink noise.
pitch --  Tracks the pitch of a signal.
pitchamdf --  Follows the pitch of a signal based on the AMDF method.
planet --  Simulates a planet orbiting in a binary star system.
pluck --  Produces a naturally decaying plucked string or drum sound.
poisson --  Poisson distribution random number generator (positive values only).
polyaft --  Returns the polyphonic after-touch pressure of the selected note number.
port --  Applies portamento to a step-valued control signal.
portk --  Applies portamento to a step-valued control signal.
poscil --  High precision oscillator.
poscil3 --  High precision oscillator with cubic interpolation.
pow --  Computes one argument to the power of another argument.
powoftwo --  Performs a power-of-two calculation.
prealloc --  Creates space for instruments but does not run them.
print --  Displays the values init, control, or audio signals.
printk --  Prints one k-rate value at specified intervals.
printk2 --  Prints a new value every time a control variable changes.
printks --  Prints at k-rate using a printf() style syntax.
prints --  Prints at init-time using a printf() style syntax.
product --  Multiplies any number of a-rate signals.
pset --  Defines and initializes numeric arrays at orchestra load time.
pvadd --  Reads from a pvoc file and uses the data to perform additive synthesis.
pvbufread --  Reads from a phase vocoder analysis file and makes the retrieved data available.
pvcross --  Applies the amplitudes from one phase vocoder analysis file to the data from a second file.
pvinterp --  Interpolates between the amplitudes and frequencies of two phase vocoder analysis files.
pvoc --  Implements signal reconstruction using an fft-based phase vocoder.
pvread --  Reads from a phase vocoder analysis file and returns the frequency and amplitude from a single analysis channel or bin.
pvsadsyn --  Resynthesize using a fast oscillator-bank.
pvsanal --  Generate an fsig from a mono audio source ain, using phase vocoder overlap-add analysis.
pvscross --  Performs cross-synthesis between two source fsigs.
pvsfread --  Read a selected channel from a PVOC-EX analysis file.
pvsftr --  Reads amplitude and/or frequency data from function tables.
pvsftw --  Writes amplitude and/or frequency data to function tables.
pvsinfo --  Get information from a PVOC-EX formatted source.
pvsmaska --  Modify amplitudes using a function table, with dynamic scaling.
pvsynth --  Resynthesise using a FFT overlap-add.
rand --  Generates a controlled random number series.
randh --  Generates random numbers and holds them for a period of time.
randi --  Generates a controlled random number series with interpolation between each new number.
random --  Generates is a controlled pseudo-random number series between min and max values.
randomh --  Generates random numbers with a user-defined limit and holds them for a period of time.
randomi --  Generates a user-controlled random number series with interpolation between each new number.
readclock --  Reads the value of an internal clock.
readk --  Periodically reads an orchestra control-signal value from an external file.
readk2 --  Periodically reads two orchestra control-signal values from an external file.
readk3 --  Periodically reads three orchestra control-signal values from an external file.
readk4 --  Periodically reads four orchestra control-signal values from an external file.
reinit --  Suspends a performance while a special initialization pass is executed.
release --  Indicates whether a note is in its "release" stage.
repluck --  Physical model of the plucked string.
reson --  A second-order resonant filter.
resonk --  A second-order resonant filter.
resonr --  A bandpass filter with variable frequency response.
resonx --  Emulates a stack of filters using the reson opcode.
resony --  A bank of second-order bandpass filters, connected in parallel.
resonz --  A bandpass filter with variable frequency response.
reverb --  Reverberates an input signal with a "natural room" frequency response.
reverb2 --  Same as the nreverb opcode.
rezzy --  A resonant low-pass filter.
rigoto --  Transfers control during a reinit pass.
rireturn --  Terminates a reinit pass.
rms --  Determines the root-mean-square amplitude of an audio signal.
rnd --  Returns a random number in a unipolar range.
rnd31 --  31-bit bipolar random opcodes with controllable distribution.
rspline --  Generate random spline curves.
rtclock --  Read the real time clock from the operating system.
s16b14 --  Creates a bank of 16 different 14-bit MIDI control message numbers.
s32b14 --  Creates a bank of 32 different 14-bit MIDI control message numbers.
samphold --  Performs a sample-and-hold operation on its input.
sandpaper --  Semi-physical model of a sandpaper sound.
scanhammer --  Copies from one table to another with a gain control.
scans --  Generate audio output using scanned synthesis.
scantable --  A simpler scanned synthesis implementation.
scanu --  Compute the waveform and the wavetable for use in scanned synthesis.
schedkwhen --  Adds a new score event generated by a k-rate trigger.
schedkwhennamed --  Similar to schedkwhen but uses a named instrument at init-time.
schedule --  Adds a new score event.
schedwhen --  Adds a new score event.
seed --  Sets the global seed value.
sekere --  Semi-physical model of a sekere sound.
semitone --  Calculates a factor to raise/lower a frequency by a given amount of semitones.
sense --  Same as the sensekey opcode.
sensekey --  Returns the ASCII code of a key that has been pressed.
seqtime --  Generates a trigger signal according to the values stored in a table.
setctrl --  Configurable slider controls for realtime user input.
setksmps --  Sets the local ksmps value in a user-defined opcode block.
sfilist --  Prints a list of all instruments of a previously loaded SoundFont2 (SF2) file.
sfinstr --  Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample instrument, generating a stereo sound.
sfinstr3 --  Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample instrument, generating a stereo sound with cubic interpolation.
sfinstr3m --  Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample instrument, generating a mono sound with cubic interpolation.
sfinstrm --  Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample instrument, generating a mono sound.
sfload --  Loads an entire SoundFont2 (SF2) sample file into memory.
sfpassign --  Assigns all presets of a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample file to a sequence of progressive index numbers.
sfplay --  Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample preset, generating a stereo sound.
sfplay3 --  Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample preset, generating a stereo sound with cubic interpolation.
sfplay3m --  Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample preset, generating a mono sound with cubic interpolation.
sfplaym --  Plays a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample preset, generating a mono sound.
sfplist --  Prints a list of all presets of a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample file.
sfpreset --  Assigns an existing preset of a SoundFont2 (SF2) sample file to an index number.
shaker --  Sounds like the shaking of a maraca or similar gourd instrument.
sin --  Performs a sine function.
sinh --  Performs a hyperbolic sine function.
sininv --  Performs an arcsine function.
sleighbells --  Semi-physical model of a sleighbell sound.
slider16 --  Creates a bank of 16 different MIDI control message numbers.
slider16f --  Creates a bank of 16 different MIDI control message numbers, filtered before output.
slider32 --  Creates a bank of 32 different MIDI control message numbers.
slider32f --  Creates a bank of 32 different MIDI control message numbers, filtered before output.
slider64 --  Creates a bank of 64 different MIDI control message numbers.
slider64f --  Creates a bank of 64 different MIDI control message numbers, filtered before output.
slider8 --  Creates a bank of 8 different MIDI control message numbers.
slider8f --  Creates a bank of 8 different MIDI control message numbers, filtered before output.
sndwarp --  Reads a mono sound sample from a table and applies time-stretching and/or pitch modification.
sndwarpst --  Reads a stereo sound sample from a table and applies time-stretching and/or pitch modification.
soundin --  Reads audio data from an external device or stream.
soundout --  Writes audio output to a disk file.
space --  Distributes an input signal among 4 channels using cartesian coordinates.
spat3d --  Positions the input sound in a 3D space and allows moving the sound at k-rate.
spat3di --  Positions the input sound in a 3D space with the sound source position set at i-time.
spat3dt --  Can be used to render an impulse response for a 3D space at i-time.
spdist --  Calculates distance values from xy coordinates.
specaddm --  Perform a weighted add of two input spectra.
specdiff --  Finds the positive difference values between consecutive spectral frames.
specdisp --  Displays the magnitude values of the spectrum.
specfilt --  Filters each channel of an input spectrum.
spechist --  Accumulates the values of successive spectral frames.
specptrk --  Estimates the pitch of the most prominent complex tone in the spectrum.
specscal --  Scales an input spectral datablock with spectral envelopes.
specsum --  Sums the magnitudes across all channels of the spectrum.
spectrum --  Generate a constant-Q, exponentially-spaced DFT.
spsend --  Generates output signals based on a previously defined space opcode.
sqrt --  Returns a square root value.
sr --  Sets the audio sampling rate.
stix --  Semi-physical model of a stick sound.
streson --  A string resonator with variable fundamental frequency.
strset --  Allows a string to be linked with a numeric value.
subinstr --  Creates and runs a numbered instrument instance.
subinstrinit --  Creates and runs a numbered instrument instance at init-time.
sum --  Sums any number of a-rate signals.
svfilter --  A resonant second order filter, with simultaneous lowpass, highpass and bandpass outputs.
table --  Accesses table values by direct indexing.
table3 --  Accesses table values by direct indexing with cubic interpolation.
tablecopy --  Simple, fast table copy opcode.
tablegpw --  Writes a table's guard point.
tablei --  Accesses table values by direct indexing with linear interpolation.
tableicopy --  Simple, fast table copy opcode.
tableigpw --  Writes a table's guard point.
tableikt --  Provides k-rate control over table numbers.
tableimix --  Mixes two tables.
tableiw --  Change the contents of existing function tables.
tablekt --  Provides k-rate control over table numbers.
tablemix --  Mixes two tables.
tableng --  Interrogates a function table for length.
tablera --  Reads tables in sequential locations.
tableseg --  Creates a new function table by making linear segments between values in stored function tables.
tablew --  Change the contents of existing function tables.
tablewa --  Writes tables in sequential locations.
tablewkt --  Change the contents of existing function tables.
tablexkt --  Reads function tables with linear, cubic, or sinc interpolation.
tablexseg --  Creates a new function table by making exponential segments between values in stored function tables.
tambourine --  Semi-physical model of a tambourine sound.
tan --  Performs a tangent function.
tanh --  Performs a hyperbolic tangent function.
taninv --  Performs an arctangent function.
taninv2 --  Returns an arctangent.
tbvcf --  Models some of the filter characteristics of a Roland TB303 voltage-controlled filter.
tempest --  Estimate the tempo of beat patterns in a control signal.
tempo --  Apply tempo control to an uninterpreted score.
tempoval --  Reads the current value of the tempo.
tigoto --  Transfer control at i-time when a new note is being tied onto a previously held note
timeinstk --  Read absolute time in k-rate cycles.
timeinsts --  Read absolute time in seconds.
timek --  Read absolute time in k-rate cycles.
times --  Read absolute time in seconds.
timout --  Conditional branch during p-time depending on elapsed note time.
tival --  Puts the value of the instrument's internal "tie-in" flag into the named i-rate variable.
tlineto --  Generate glissandos starting from a control signal.
tone --  A first-order recursive low-pass with variable frequency response.
tonek --  A first-order recursive low-pass filter with variable frequency response.
tonex --  Emulates a stack of filters using the tone opcode.
transeg --  Constructs a user-definable envelope.
trigger --  Informs when a krate signal crosses a threshold.
trigseq --  Accepts a trigger signal as input and outputs a group of values.
trirand --  Linear distribution random number generator.
turnoff --  Enables an instrument to turn itself off.
turnon --  Activate an instrument for an indefinite time.
unirand --  Uniform distribution random number generator (positive values only).
upsamp --  Modify a signal by up-sampling.
urd --  A discrete user-defined-distribution random generator that can be used as a function.
valpass --  Variably reverberates an input signal with a flat frequency response.
vbap16 --  Distributes an audio signal among 16 channels.
vbap16move --  Distribute an audio signal among 16 channels with moving virtual sources.
vbap4 --  Distributes an audio signal among 4 channels.
vbap4move --  Distributes an audio signal among 4 channels with moving virtual sources.
vbap8 --  Distributes an audio signal among 8 channels.
vbap8move --  Distributes an audio signal among 8 channels with moving virtual sources.
vbaplsinit --  Configures VBAP output according to loudspeaker parameters.
vbapz --  Writes a multi-channel audio signal to a ZAK array.
vbapzmove --  Writes a multi-channel audio signal to a ZAK array with moving virtual sources.
vco --  Implementation of a band limited, analog modeled oscillator.
vco2 --  Implementation of a band-limited oscillator using pre-calculated tables.
vco2ft --  Returns a table number at k-time for a given oscillator frequency and wavform.
vco2ift --  Returns a table number at i-time for a given oscillator frequency and wavform.
vco2init --  Calculates tables for use by vco2 opcode.
vcomb --  Variably reverberates an input signal with a "colored" frequency response.
vdelay --  An interpolating variable time delay.
vdelay3 --  An variable time delay with cubic interpolation.
vdelayx --  A variable delay opcode with high quality interpolation.
vdelayxq --  A 4-channel variable delay opcode with high quality interpolation.
vdelayxs --  A stereo variable delay opcode with high quality interpolation.
vdelayxw --  Variable delay opcodes with high quality interpolation.
vdelayxwq --  Variable delay opcodes with high quality interpolation.
vdelayxws --  Variable delay opcodes with high quality interpolation.
veloc --  Get the velocity from a MIDI event.
vibes --  Physical model related to the striking of a metal block.
vibr --  Easier-to-use user-controllable vibrato.
vibrato --  Generates a natural-sounding user-controllable vibrato.
vincr --  Accumulates audio signals.
vlowres --  A bank of filters in which the cutoff frequency can be separated under user control.
voice --  An emulation of a human voice.
vpvoc --  Implements signal reconstruction using an fft-based phase vocoder and an extra envelope.
waveset --  A simple time stretch by repeating cycles.
weibull --  Weibull distribution random number generator (positive values only).
wgbow --  Creates a tone similar to a bowed string.
wgbowedbar --  A physical model of a bowed bar.
wgbrass --  Creates a tone related to a brass instrument.
wgclar --  Creates a tone similar to a clarinet.
wgflute --  Creates a tone similar to a flute.
wgpluck --  A high fidelity simulation of a plucked string.
wgpluck2 --  Physical model of the plucked string.
wguide1 --  A simple waveguide model consisting of one delay-line and one first-order lowpass filter.
wguide2 --  A model of beaten plate consisting of two parallel delay-lines and two first-order lowpass filters.
wrap --  Wraps-around the signal that exceeds the low and high thresholds.
wterrain --  A simple wave-terrain synthesis opcode.
xadsr --  Calculates the classical ADSR envelope.
xin --  Passes variables from a user-defined opcode block,
xout --  Retrieves variables from a user-defined opcode block,
xscanmap --  Allows the position and velocity of a node in a scanned process to be read.
xscansmap --  Allows the position and velocity of a node in a scanned process to be read.
xscans --  Fast scanned synthesis waveform and the wavetable generator.
xscanu --  Compute the waveform and the wavetable for use in scanned synthesis.
xtratim --  Extend the duration of real-time generated events.
xyin --  Sense the cursor position in an output window
zacl --  Clears one or more variables in the za space.
zakinit --  Establishes zak space.
zamod --  Modulates one a-rate signal by a second one.
zar --  Reads from a location in za space at a-rate.
zarg --  Reads from a location in za space at a-rate, adds some gain.
zaw --  Writes to a za variable at a-rate without mixing.
zawm --  Writes to a za variable at a-rate with mixing.
zfilter2 --  Performs filtering using a transposed form-II digital filter lattice with radial pole-shearing and angular pole-warping.
zir --  Reads from a location in zk space at i-rate.
ziw --  Writes to a zk variable at i-rate without mixing.
ziwm --  Writes to a zk variable to an i-rate variable with mixing.
zkcl --  Clears one or more variables in the zk space.
zkmod --  Facilitates the modulation of one signal by another.
zkr --  Reads from a location in zk space at k-rate.
zkw --  Writes to a zk variable at k-rate without mixing.
zkwm --  Writes to a zk variable at k-rate with mixing.